Everything about Sochi Conflict totally explained
Sochi conflict was a three-party border conflict which involved the counterrevolutionary
White Russian forces,
Bolshevik Red Army and the
Democratic Republic of Georgia each of which sought the control over the
Black Sea town
Sochi and the adjacent region. The conflict was fought as a part of the
Russian civil war and lasted with varying success from July
1918 to May
1919, and ended through the
British mediation effectively establishing the current official border between
Russia and
Georgia.
Background
The disputed area had been inhabited by an
Abkhaz-
Adyghe tribe,
Zygs, since ancient times.
Georgian claims came from the fact that the area was politically dominated by the medieval kingdom of
Georgia at the height of its prestige and strength, and then came under the rule of a successor, the
Kingdom of Imereti and, eventually, the Principality of
Abkhazia. The area of increasing tourist interest, part of this region was detached by the
Tsar’s decree of December 25
1904, from the
Sukhumi district (
Kutaisi guberniya) to become part of the Black Sea
guberniya. The
Black Sea district was only thinly inhabited since the Russian Empire took control of the area forcing thousands of locals to become
Muhajirs. The region was also inhabited by a significant number of Armenians and Georgians.
The Russian general
Denikin and his colleagues insisted, however, that the border between Georgia (though not yet recognized by either White or Soviet leadership) and the White-controlled
Kuban Republic should be that between the former Russian guberniyas of Kutais and Black Sea, for example slightly in the north to the
Bzyb River.
Conflict
The conflict was preceded by a pro-
Bolshevik revolt in
Abkhazia that made the local post-revolution government, Abkhazian People’s Council, to request aid from the
Democratic Republic of Georgia and to join it as an autonomous entity (June 8
1918). A Georgian force under Major General
Giorgi Mazniashvili was deployed in the region and joined by an Abkhaz cavalry provided by local nobility. Mazniashvili repulsed a Bolshevik offensive from
Sochi direction late in June and, following to the instructions from Abkhazian and Georgian authorities, advanced northward in order to liquidate a Bolshevik base which provided help to the
Communist revolutionaries.
The Georgian military operation, encouraged also by a
German military mission, resulted in the occupation of
Adler (3 July),
Sochi (6 July), and
Tuapse (27 July) along the Black Sea coastline. Mazniashvili was soon ordered to take control of the Tuapse-
Maikop railway line and coordinate his actions with the White Russian Kuban government and Denikin’s
Dobrovolcheskaya Armya waging an all-out war against the Red armies in South
Russia.
Initially, Georgia regarded the White forces as allies against the common threats from the Bolshevist
Moscow. This cooperation was, however, soon clouded by Denikin’s calls for the reunited “Great Russia” with the
Caucasus as its integral part.
Early in September, the Georgians were forced out from Tuapse by the retreating
Taman Red Army pursued by Denikin’s forces. Soon the White units took control of the town on September 8 forcing the Bolsheviks to retreat further toward
Armavir.
On September 18, a Council for Sochi (a legislature formed by the local
Mensheviks and
SRs in August) declared the unification of the city and its district to the
Democratic Republic of Georgia as a “temporary measure” against the threats from both
Lenin and
Denikin. The annexation by Georgia followed immediately and caused an acute protest from the leaders of the White forces.
On September 25
1918, the White leaders and representatives of the DRG met in
Ekaterinodar to find a peaceful solution to the dispute. Denikin demanded that the Georgians withdraw back to the Bzyb river. An agreement wasn't achieved and the Whites halted the negotiations next day. The same day Denikin captured Lazarevskaya at the northern outskirts of Sochi but he was unable to take full control over the region until the Red Army was defeated in
North Caucasus. On February 6
1919 the Georgian troops were forced back to the Bzyb river with their commander General Konyev (Koniashvili), and his staff captured by the Russians at
Gagra. Georgia sent reinforcements, but the
British representatives intervened establishing a demarcation line along the Bzyb. The captured Georgian officers were released.
On March 14 1919 a Georgian delegation presented at Paris peace conference a project of the borders of the country in which it demanded a part of the former Black Sea province up to the small river Makopse 14 km southeast to the town Tuapse. The negotiations, however, yielded no results.
On April 12 1919, a
Sukhumi-based Georgian People’s Guard and army units under General Mazniashvili launched a counteroffensive. Avoiding the British peacekeeping posts at the Bzyb river, they retook Gagra after a bloody clash and, in cooperation with the
“Green” Russian guerillas, moved to the Makhadyr river. The British intervention however halted the Georgian advance. A new demarcation line was established south to Adler, on the
Psou River. Along the border, a British expeditionary force took positions to prevent further outbreak of the war. On May 23-24, Georgian, Russian Volunteers’ and British representatives met in
Tbilisi to find a peace resolution. Actually, this was the end of the conflict. Occasional skirmishes occurred, however, until the late 1919.
The establishment of the current official Russian-Georgian border along the Psou was perhaps the main outcome of the Sochi conflict. The new border was de jure recognized by the
Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (May 1920) and the
Allies (January 1921).
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